Jewish Nationalism Of The Ottoman Empire - 1309 Words

Lets begin as most historians do, in the late 19th century. The Ottoman empire ruled over what is now called Palestine. The population there, according to Ottoman records from 1878 was 87% muslim, 10% christian and 3% jewish. Everyone spoke arabic as the daily language and in Jerusalem the religious population was about equal. In the Ottoman Empire, religions were ensured to live peacefully together. The late 19th century was the golden age of nationalism in Europe and no place was crazier than the Habsburg Hungarian Empire. 10 nations in this empire wanted their own state. In this very nationalistic empire lived a jewish generalist named Theodor Herzl who became convinced that the jewish people needed to leave Europe to settle in their own state. The concept of jewish nationalism became to be known as Zionism. It s important to keep in mind that most zionist jews were secular jews. In 1917 the british government issued the Balfour Declaration in hope of gaining support of the jewish people. The Balfour Declaration, promised the â€Å" the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the jewish people†. This was a strong move considering that the Ottoman Empire hasn t lost the war yet. But it turned out the british couldn’t keep their promise when it came to Palestine. Because a year before the Balfour Declaration the british had secretly promised the french that they would divide the arab territories and the brits would keep Palestine. Furthermore in 1915 otherShow MoreRelatedThe Success And Resilience Of The Ottoman Empire Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesPrior to the arrival of Nationalism and nationalist movements in the 19th century, Ottoman suzerainty over its non-Muslim subjects in the Mediterranean and its European territories (Balkans and Caucasus) rested on religious identification as the cornerstone of society within the Ottoman Empire. The success and resilience of the empire derived its legitimacy from the flexibility and willingness to accommodate and respect local customs and religions in exchange for taxes (Jyzhia) and pledges of loyaltyRead MoreThe Rise Of Zionism And Arab Nationalism1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe rise of Zionism and Arab Na tionalism in the nineteenth century triggered major political tensions in the region of Palestine. The conflict among the Zionists and Arab Nationalists is primarily due to the politics of territory and is essentially not comprised of religious opposition. In fact, before the advent of Zionism and Arab Nationalism, Jews and Palestinians shared a local identity due to mutual tolerances. This identity, which took precedence over religion, created a vivacious communityRead MoreReligious wars in the Middle East (Holy Land)707 Words   |  3 Pagesoutbursts against the Jews were connected to the fight to convert them. The new nationalism of Europe saw Jews as a racially distinct and impure people. Nationalism is an exaggerated sense of the greatness and unity of ones people. Nationalism taught that every people had to have a country. This led Jews in the late nineteenth century to devise their own nationalism, called Zionism. Zionism is the movement to unite the Jewish people of the dia spora to to establish national homeland for them in the promisedRead MoreEssay about The Collapse of the Ottoman Empire1790 Words   |  8 PagesFollowing the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, The Arab-Israeli conflict began in earnest. As the years went on and the conflict escalated it gradually shifted from a large scale Arab–Israeli issue to the more personal Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The issue that divided both parties is primarily a territorial concern based on secular belief. Zionists belief that God had made a covenant with the Jewish people to return them to the Land of Canaan or the Biblical Promise land (Christian Zionists shareRead MoreThe Palestinian Conflict : The Israeli Conflict1406 Words   |  6 PagesIsraeli, Palestinian Conflict Lets begin as most historians do, in the late 19th century. The Ottoman empire ruled over what is now called Palestine. The population there, according to Ottoman records from 1878 was 87% muslim, 10% christian and 3% jewish. Everyone spoke arabic as the daily language and in Jerusalem the religious population was about equal. To give you a sense of life in the Ottoman Empire, an arab orthodox christian musician named Wasif Jawhariyyeh grew up in Jerusalem in the firstRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Between Islam And Judaism Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesArab Nationalism, showcase the emerging question of identity during the 19th and 20th centuries. The Arab states, long ruled by Western colonial powers, emerged from the Mandate system weak and powerless. Why British troops did not leave Palestine until May 1st, 1948. Prior to this, the British proclaimed their support for a Jewish state through the Balfour Declaration (1917). In 1947 the United Nations released resolution no. 1 81 which created two states, one Palestinian-Arab, and one Jewish, leavingRead MoreThe Historical Context Of Palestine1532 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinctiveness among the Jewish nation, which is to be discussed later in detail, as it falls into the category of religion. As Islam expanded rampantly in the years 630-730 A.D., Jerusalem and Palestine were incorporated into Islamic rule, exposing Jews to the Arab rule as well as initiating the clash of religions that thrives to the present day. In A.D. 691, Dome of the Rock, a Muslim temple memorating Muhammad s ascension to heaven was built upon the ruins of the Jewish Temple, thus provokingRead More World War One and The Middle East Essays1845 Words   |  8 Pagesdestroyed or enveloped nations, states or empires. Examples of these include the Final War of the Roman Republic, which culminated with the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, to the Franco-Prussian War of 1871 which created a unified German state. However, World War One is known to have had the greatest impact on human civilization. It dragged in almost every continent into the conflict, halted global trade, led to the demolition of four empires, and gave nationalism everywhere a boost. One interestingRead MoreHistorical Conflict Between Palestine And Israel1176 Words   |  5 Pages1882, the Zionist movement sought to identify a place whereby Jewish people could create settlements. To the Jewish, Palestine appeared as the most optimal and logical place as it holds the site of Jewish Origin – Jerusalem. During the diaspora of World War 2, an increase in Jewish migration to Palestine created consciousness for the Palestinians. Preluding the 20th century, Palestine had originally been a spot of competing nationalisms and political interests. Promises made by the British internationallyRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Nationalism Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Effects of Nationalism Nationalism is a modern political ideology that creates a devotion to one’s culture and is the belief that from acting independent instead of communally will benefit nations which highlight national goals rather than international ones. Nationalism didn’t start till around the 17th, and 18th centuries which is because there was no concept of what a nation was. In the simplest terms, there was a loyalty to the â€Å"crown†

Etruscan Culture, Architecture, Art, And Religion - 936 Words

1. What were some key aspects of Etruscan culture, architecture, art, and religion? Little is known about Etruscan culture, but from what evidence that has been discovered we know that they were indigenous people of what we today call Italy and Turkey. Some other things we do know is that they inherited some aspects of their culture from the Greeks such as their art, literature, and religion. The Etruscan architecture, being influenced by the Greeks, had temples with stone foundations that were rectangular, on a raised podium, with a peaked roof. The Etruscans designed their temples and tombs in the Doric and Ionic order. The tombs of the Etruscans were decorated with reliefs depicting daily activities and they filled them with riches, weapons, and vases that may have contained food. Etruscan art depicted activities that were normal activities of the daily life of the Etruscan people. They may have decorated the tombs of their daily lives for many reasons. Some of the reasons could be so that the deceased were remembered, or to even show some of the accomplishments made by the person who has passed. This art work is a very good way of understanding the lives, religion, and cultural beliefs of the society of the Etruscans. The time put into the burials of the Etruscans gives a good idea about the religion of the people. The tombs had things that were necessities for the lives of the people during this time like food, weapons, and even some form of treasure that was,Show MoreRelatedClassical Societies Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesthat still inspires artists and art enthusiasts today. Art can reveal an extensive amount of information regarding the culture of the society from which it was created. To analyze artwork in relation to the culture of the society, the artwork must be studied in a variety of ways. The artwork that will be examined will be the Parthenon from the Classical Greece period, the Nike of Samothrace from the Hellenistic Greece period, the Capitoline She-Wolf from the Etruscan Civilization, a Roman PatricianRead MoreArt A nd Its Impact During The Era Of The Roman Empire1468 Words   |  6 PagesArt is one of the most valued creations of the human beings. Over the years, famous paintings like the Mona Lisa, the Starry Night, etc., have attracted global attention and interest comparable to none. This special love is a result of the human creativity, skills, and unrivalled drawing techniques put together to create something that people can be fond of for centuries. Without a doubt, art is unique, and its impact was most influential in the era of the Roman Empire, Classical Greece, EtruscanRead MoreEtruscans1697 Words   |  7 PagesEtruscans: The Building Block of Rome The dominant early settlers on the Italian peninsula were a non-Indo-European-speaking people known as the Etruscans (Coffin Stacey 168). The Etruscans were among three groups of people from the East that entered Italy as colonists and later as rulers of various segments of the peninsula. The Etruscans came into Italy about 800 B.C.E. following the Adriatic Sea. Although our knowledge of the Etruscans is severely limited by the fact that their languageRead MoreReligious Accessibility . In The Course Of This Class We1296 Words   |  6 Pagesperiods and examined many different types of historic pieces of art and architecture. Religious architecture played a significant role when looking at each culture and their key monuments and artifacts. When specifically looking at religious buildings we can see that they reflect the function and the belief system of the culture, it also speaks directly to the accessibility of religion to the culture’s population. Not only the building s culture is reflected in the architectural design, but also to accessibilityRead MoreThe Civilization Of Ancient Rome1366 Words   |  6 Pages The Civilization of Ancient Rome and The Time of the Kings, From Republic to Empire: Romulus and Remus, the Etruscans, the Greeks and early influences HST 101 Spring 2015 Lance Raebel Pima Community College West Campus Tucson, Arizona Table of Contents Introduction I. Romulus And Remus founding story a. Twin brothers i. Considered to be half gods ii. Rasied by a she wolf b. Father the god of war i. Rapes Rhea Silvia their mother c. Find Rome i. Romulus then kills Remus for leadership IIRead MoreCompare and Contrast Greece and Rome1159 Words   |  5 Pagesfollow.† Virgil Not all roads lead to it and it most definitely was not built in a day, but Rome stands out in our modern western culture as the grandest of all ancient civilizations. We see evidence of the Roman world all around us; in such things as our architecture, art and government. But despite its dominance in ancient world history and modern day culture, Rome is often judged in relation to that of its Greek predecessors. Like Virgil’s Aeneid, which attempted to outdo the colossus of HomersRead MoreSummary : Mausoleum Of Augustus 1593 Words   |  7 PagesRoman Kingdom emerged with the aid of the Etruscans, the original Italians inhabiting Italy around 800 BCE. Their great influence came in the forms of: living arrangements, burial rituals, architecture, religion, monarchy, and culture. Rome’s early successes were attributed to the bond they had with the Etruscans. As many leaders arose throughout Rome’s history, the greats wanted a divine connection to Rome, to be like Romulus and his dear friends the Etruscans, the ancient ancestors of Rome. JuliusRead MoreWhat Did Greek Architecture Influence Roman Temples? Essay2188 Words   |  9 PagesGreek Architecture Influence Roman Temples Pengnanxi Wang Registration No: 150152532 Of all arts, Roman architecture were the most remarkable and original. Roman architecture took shape in a world that was already dominated both by the substance and idea of Greek achievement. Yet the relationship between Ancient Greek and Rome was not simply one of master to pupil, other cultures were involved as well such as the Etruscan civilization. Undoubtedly Ancient Greek and Etruscan architecture playedRead MoreGreek Influence on the Roman Empire Essay2942 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Classical Greek culture had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe. Greek culture influenced the development of Roman civilization because at first Rome absorbed ideas from Greek colonists in southern Italy, and they continued to borrow from Greek culture after they conquered Greece. Ancient Greece has had an enormous amount of impact on culture in the western world. For this reason, ClassicalRead MoreGreece s Influence On Roman Society And Consciousness Essay947 Words   |  4 Pagesassimilating other cultures’ technology and ideas, often adding their own, Rà ³man upgrades and refinements. This was demonstrated by Rome’s addition of the covus to the quinquereme warship design which they had copied from the Carthagà ­nians, leveraging the Etruscan arch in new ways, such as supporting huge aqueducts, and building on Greece’s concept of theater construction to create the Colosseum, capable of seating forty-five thousand people. William Morey discusses how Roman religion, philosophy, literature

History of the Utilization of Musical Instruments Essay Example For Students

History of the Utilization of Musical Instruments Essay For thousands of years we have seen the use of musical instruments in everyday life and also for religion and tradition. To get a better picture we can go as far back as 67,000 years where we have seen the use of the flute used for religious ceremonies. The first recorded use of this dates only back to 37,000 B. C. where they used drums and flutes for ceremonies of marriage. We see that music has been around for thousands of years and we see that they used everything from animal skin and bones, to using resources like wood to create the sounds like a xylophone. A quick glance at the past shows us that music intricacy throughout the eras plays a big part in the world’s culture. For example, we can look at China who used the flute to tell stories about their mythology, but were limited to making the instruments out of bamboo or bones that they could find. According to Inside sciences article titled, â€Å"Exploring the Evolution of Musical Instruments,† it explains the use of lyres and harps in the biblical time of Abraham. Later into the Middle Ages we see that they bring in cymbals, trumpets, flutes, oboes and even more intricate drums. It is also in this time period that we see the emerging of organized music. In the church’s view we see that although music was popular it began to detract from the spirituality of why people were there. About 600 years later we see that people in the Middle East bring into play the use of xylophones and gongs. This shows the musical historians that music still played a big part in the cultures and societies. Then we waltzed into the Renaissance period, a time of beautiful melodies and beautiful symphonies of music. In the early 1400’s we see that people want to know just how many instruments are being sold and how many are being made. Musical Craftsman began to make books and other documents for the instruments that they are making. This is the time period where we see musicians using cowbells for that added touch in their music. Shortly after we see that others are using hunter’s horns in symphonies with a variety of shapes and sizes. We also see the evolution of many other musical instruments’ such as the violin, flutes, trumpets and also drums. Although sales in the 1400’s and 1500’s were not as high as they should be the intricacy of the instruments continued to increase and the sounds became richer in tone and quality. As the richer people began to use these instruments more we see that their popularity increased because of the sounds that they could make and the sheer numbers that they would use at one time. It proves to the world that this was an age of beauty and of music to the generations ahead. Later on, we find that even the poor have instruments, though they may not be the best they still had a great time using them. It is crazy to think that over the course of thirty thousand years the innovations of music would have been this drastic.

The principles of infection Prevention and Control free essay sample

My roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection are firstly to myself then my colleagues then my employer, to my clients and then to any visitors. Iam responsible for taking action to prevent the spread of infection in accordance withlegislation and local and organisational policies and procedures I also have a personalmoral responsibility as a member of a caring society in profession there are many Wellsway infection control is important these include employees who work in communalliving environments employees who work with hazardous substances and employees his work activities may Expose them to infection. My legal responsibilities to working with individuals who may be vulnerable to infection aremy organisational responsibilities and my personal moral responsibility, My employers areresponsible for assessing the risks putting procedures in place insuring the procedures arefollowed ensuring that employees are appropriately trained in relation to infection controland making sure all employees are aware of the health and safety aspect of our work irresponsible for posting information on noticeboards, For keeping any information file suchas control of substances hazardous to health providing supervision keeping records andensuring that relevant standards policies and guidelines are available within the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on The principles of infection Prevention and Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My employer also hast to ensure that they adhere to the following regulations the healthand social care at 2001 the health and safety at work act and the control of substances hazardous to health regulations and the GS cc code of practice they also ensure that theissues with the correct PPE and then they allow for the correct disposable waste materials they make sure all of his employees are trained accordingly and the report all major Incidents to the HSE. Current legislation am regular Tory body standards which are relevant to the preventionand control of infection are the public-health control of diseases act 1980 4B says thatbasically it provides information on the legal requirement for the reporting of contagious or infectious diseases for example hepatitis HIV and legionella. The food safety act 1990 andis that applies to any area where food is prepared store. eaten control is required to ensurethat the race of any infection as a result of bad Hanningfield of fooduonnssnjsjeejeeoeoskwkskskkdkdksn minimised local and central government employeestaff to inspect premises without any advance notice the environmental health officers. There is the reporting injuries diseases and dangerous occurrents regulations Nolias R IDDO are 1995 and they said that the employer or manager in control of work premises as irresponsibility on the radar to report any work-related accidents or disease which result inserious injury or employing be a employee being off sick due to injury for more than threeworking days. There is the public-health infectious disease regulations 1998 whichdescribe the reporting systems and types of disease which must be reported datamanagement of health and safety at work regulations 1999 and this requires all staff to beprovided with adequate and appropriate training I set of working instructions demonstratingsafe working practices for work related activitys. There is the control assurance standards Hache SC 2002 2002 the standard provides a framework to control manage infection itprovides a timetable for senior managers and infection-control teams to work to thedocuments key action areas are to strengthen prevention and control of infection secureappropriate healthcare services the patients with infection to improve surveillance ofinfection and to monitor and optimise antimicrobial Prescribing. The medicines inhealthcare regular a Tory agency in this regular Tory body insures the medicines products available in the healthcare sector are safe to use the issue safety bulletins if they receivereports of faulty product or products which may be harmful to health it is the responsibility of the health care facility to report untoward incidence of products that are faulty to them. There is also the standards for better health 2006 the standards were published by theDepartment of health Im unachieved you important things first they were set out thefoundations for a common high quality of health care throughout the England second they will clarify what the NHS can do I should be reaching for it in its ambitions both the public and the people who work with in it. 2. 2 Attached 3. 1 Procedures and systems relevant to the prevention and control of infection are the healthand social care act 2001 the health and safety at work act,the control of substances hazardous to health regulations, the GSCC code of practice, the management of health atwork regulations, RIDDOR, control of disease act 1984, PPE regulations 1992, Hazardous waste regulations, N. I. C. E, work policy and procedure. The common occurrents and dire consequences of infectious disease outbreaks in nursinghomes often go on mechanised and on appreciated nevertheless these facilities providedan ideal environment that acquisition and spread of infection susceptible residents whoshare sources of N food water and healthcare in a crowded institutional setting moreover visitors staff and residents constantly comandantes bringing in pathogens from both thehospital and The community outbreaks of Westbury and gastrointestinal intestinal infectionpredominating the setting outraces skin himself to soft tissue infection and infections caused by anti-microbio resistance bacteria or so occur with some frequency. Nursinghomes provider acquisitor ingredients for outbreaks of infectious diseases as a rule only nursing home resident had multiple chronic diseases and functional impairment thatpredispose them to infection resident share sources of their food water and medical carewhich facilitates both the introduction and subsequent transmission asserting infectious agent Im on vulnerable residents Prolonged lengths of stay limited capacity is thediagnosis and ineffectual infection-control programs after our outbreaks to propagate andpersist for many months transfer of infected all colonise residents which is a commonobservance mates for outbreaks to all the facilities including hospitals and medical centres. The  frequency and outracing nursing homes is not known at a variety of data suggest thatthey are common outbreak reports to constitute one third of the infectious diseaseliterature animating from nursing homes the centres for disease control and preventionresponds with some regularity to request for assistance in ma naging outbreaks in thesetting publications from state health department also periodically a test to parents ofoutbreaks in nursing homes finally surveillance studys Of nursing homes haveoccasionally detected clusters of various infections.   Risk is a potential that are chosen action or activity including the choice of inaction lead toa loss and undesirable outcome the notion improviser to choice having an influence on theoutpull exist or existed potential losses themselves may also be called risks almost any human endeavour carry some risk was someone much more risky than others. Potential risks of infection within the workplace other first aid personnel and workers wemight be a risk of exposure to infectious disease or biological houses if we receive ascheme penetrating injury citizen needlestick injury if blood orebody substances come intocontact with broken skin open wounds add-on laugh or contaminated first aid equipment or materials are used infectious diseases which maybe transmitted by blood and somebody substances included hepatitis B hepatitis C and Human immunodeficiency virus HIV thevirus that causes AIDS. My workplace take a review of death birthday practices to removethe rest of infection exposure to biological houses regularly. Infection-control in theworkplace aims to prevent pathogens from coming into contact with the person in the firstplace employers are obliged under the Occupational Health Safety act 2004 to provide asafe workplace their employees including the provision of adequate infection controlprocedures and the right equipment and training. Infectious agents can be spreading thevariety of ways including airborne this is coughs or sneezers which release airbornepathogens which you then inhaled by others  contaminated objects or food the pathogens in a person cc baby spread to food or other objects in their hands dirty skin skiing contactthe transfer some pathogens can occur through touch by sharing personal items clothingor objects contact with body fluids pathogens in saliva, urine, Faeces or blood can bepassed to another persons body by courts or abrasions all through the mucus membranes of the mouth and eyes. The basis of good infection-control in the workplace is to assumethat everybody is potentially infectious proper procedure is have to be followed at all times every word they should have an appropriate first aid kit with at least one staff member trained in first aid equipment such as gloves down I goggles and faceshields should beprovided if necessary. Infection control procedure is relating to go personal hygieneinclude how moshing the spread of many pathogens can be prevented with regular handwashing you should thoroughly wash your hands with water and safe early 15seconds after visiting the toilet before preparing food and touching clients or equipment try your hands with disposable paper towels. Unbroken skin intact and healthy skin is a major barrier to pathogens any puts abrasions should be covered with a waterproof dressing. Loves webinars if you are handling body fluids are equipment containing bodily fluids if youare touching somebody else is broken skin mucous membrane or performing any other innovative procedure wash your hands between each client in use fresh most reach finewhen necessary personal items dont share cars clothing raisers toothbrushes shavers or other personal items. When preparing food you should wash your hands before and after handling to avoid touching your hair knows mouth teapot too hot and cold food called youseparate storage utensils and preparation services for Cox and uncooked foods wash allutensils and preparation services for a late of hot water and detergent after use. Infection- control procedures relating to cleanliness in the workplace include bakingly washing thefloors bathrooms and services such as tables and benchtop with hot water in detergentwash the walls and ceilings periodically mops brushes in class should be furrily washedand dried after every use Trimox in class is particularly important since many pathogens rely on my shooter five use disinfectants to clean up blood and overspills a bodily fluidwhen using disinfectants always wear gloves Cleaner surfaces before using thedisinfectant and always follow the manufacturers instructions exactly spot clean where necessary. To deal with spills of body fluids isolate their area Raygnoldes a plastic apronand I protection such as goggles soak up the fluid with disposable paper towels or cobaltous bellwether granular chlorine releasing agent for a minimum of 10 minutes to putthe granules and weights using a piece of cardboard or something similar and placing aplastic bag and dispose of appropriately. Makes one part bleach to temporise water andapplied to the area of the 10 minutes wash with hot water in detergent draggy areadispose of paper towelling loves appropriately wash your hands and mince any contaminated clothing in cold running water so Kimberly solution for half an hour thenwash separately from overclothing Warlingham with hot water in detergent. To dispose of infectious ways they have been contaminated with blood all over bodily fluid you shouldalways wear heavy-duty gloves place waste in a plastic bag SmartOne infectious waistand dispose of the waste in accordance with the EP a regulations infection controlprocedure is when handling needles and Aldershot contaminated objects include never attempt to read Or bend use needles handle by the barrel face inappropriate counterproofcontainer which is yellow and labelled Danger contaminated shops and marks for the black biohazard symbol if you come into contact with Lord orebody fluid you should push thearea with running water wash the area with plenty of warm or shall insert report theincident to the appropriate staff member record the incident via the disease injury near miss accident reporting procedure and seek medical advice If I need to get help I wouldget it from either my doctor my local councils health department the Occupational Health Safety officer at my workplace communicable disea se prevention and control unit at theDepartment of Health or WorkCover advisory service. 4. 3 The process of carrying out a risk assessment is to one identify the hazards to decide whomight be harmed in how three evaluate the risks and decide on the proportion 4 to recordall your findings and implement them at 5 to review your assessment and update if necessary. 4. 4 The law requires that my employer has to assess and manage health and safety in my workplace and in order to abide by the law part of the processes to carry out a risk assessment a risk assessment is an important step in protecting mark my fellow workers and the business as well as complying with the law help you focus on the desks that really matter in your workplace the ones with the potential to cause harm in many instances straightforward measures commensally control rest for example insuring splurges arecleaned up promptly so people do not slip. Risk assessment isnt careful examination of war in my workplace could cause harm to people so you can then whale whether or notyou are taking enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm workers and others have a right to be protected from harm caused by failure to take reasonable controlmeasures the law does not expect you to eliminate all less you are required to protectpeople as far as it as is reasonably practicable. 5. 2 Protective gloves are supplied to me in order to protect me against And being exposed togerms and bacteria to prevent germs and bacteria getting under my nails and to stopgerms and bacteria being transferred to my clothing. I use disposable protective aprons toprotect my clothing and stop germs and bacteria are being transferred to me if I use I wear goggles are using to protect my eyes against splashes and spills. I also use whatprotectors or shoe covers in order to stop bacteria and dirt getting on my shoes and toprotect my clients flooring. 5. 3 Personal protective equipment is used to protect both myself and the people I am givingcare it is important to insure the one Im using PPE is used correctly and for the purposes it was designed. 5. 4 Current relevant regulations and legislation relating to personal protective equipment arethe personal protective equipment at work regulations 2002 the management of health andsafety at work regulations 1999 under control of substances hazardous to healthregulations 2002. Employees responsibilities regarding the use of protective personal equipment is attendingtraining provided by the employer relating to how to use personal protective equipmentusing personal protective equipment in accordance with the training taking reasonablecare of all personal protective equipment provided by the employer returning personalprotective equipment to the correct storage accommodation provided for it after use andreporting to the employer any loss or obvious defect as soon as possible. 5. 6 Employers responsibilities regarding the use of personal protective equipment are toproperly assess the needs of personal protective equipment and assess personalprotective equipment before it is used to insure it is suitable this will involve identifyinghazardous hazard and it types of personal protective equipment that could be used for example locomotory fluid bashers are all hazards because there is a recipe substances could get into my eyes their personal protective equipment options available safety spectacles goggles advisors or faceshields. My employer provides free personal protectiveequipment all of his employees employers cannot ask employees to take a personalprotective equipment however if an employee and is not returning item of personalprotective equipment to the employer the employer can deduct the cost of replacing theequipment from any wages and providing misinformation has been McClary the contract ofemployment. 5. 7 Firstly I inspect my beloved packages the sign of contamination if there is any signs a ladiscard some of the signs might be watersports or moisture cares any other evidence ofdamage or contamination are always perform a hand wash I openness there are packageface about IDS by placing at your flat clean dryer service in the area where the gloves areto be worn appeal the Artabrackagh open completely to expose The inner package. I thenremoved in the package touching only the folded side of the rapper appositional packageso that the cofounders nearest to me I am told that in a package (245 position withouttouching the gods again expose both glossed I Glassel a la inside corners or designatedareas on the folder Apple generator site that touching the glass I put on the first book by grasping the Calthwaite the folder dad and remove it from the rattle one hand and stepaway from the table or try keeping the hands above the waist and insert my fingers of theother hand into the glove I them pull the glove on touching only the exposed surface of theinner glove. 5. 8 To takeoff my personal protective equipment Berglas allocate more from by pulling thecough distensible inside out I would then pour the second laugh while still holding the firstso the two gloves of folded together inside out again dispose of them in the correct wastedisposal container and wash my hands. The key principles of good personal hygiene from me is to ensure that I wash shower everyday and where clean uniform for work my fingernails I always ensure that they areclean as they can harbour bacteria easy and make sure that they are kept short clean andfree from now polishable false extensions and make sure my hair is regularly washed andit is tied back away from my face and I dont use products such as hairspray as some ofmy clients suffer from asthma away no jewellery to work as this could scratch my client, Itake every opportunity I cant promote and encourage good personal hygiene to the peopleI provide careful angriest people to wash their hands after toileting activities and to washevery day I always offer people the opportunity to bath or shower it is appropriate to their condition. The correct sequence the handwashing is one to whet my hands using warm runningwater and + 2I during the handwashing process and rub my hands vigourously for aminimum of 20 seconds paying particular attention to the back of my hands wrists inbetween my fingers and underneath my fingernails three I rinse well whilst leaving thewater running for when the water continuing to Ron ages I use a single used out and pack my hands dry five I turn off the water using the paper towel covering my clean hands toprevent recontamination. Hand washing activities must be performed regularly to help prevent and control thespread of infection but there are certain times when it is recommended that care workers washer Hans is up for putting on a clean uniform all personal protective equipment beforeany septic procedure after patient contact after removing personal protective equipmentafter going to the toilet before handling food and after finishing work. Attach the products they should be use the handwashing is general handwashing sodisinfectant hand wash surgical scrub solutions and alcohol gel. 6. 6 Maintaining healthy skin is an important step in the prevention and control of infectionhowever constant washing the wearing of gloves can cause the skin to dry out to preventthis moisturising cream should be applied to the hands following routine hand washingprocedures or should not be worn when they are not required for example whencompleting paperwork general skincare should also include insuring any causal gravers are covered within occlusive dressing prior to patient contact. The Principles of Infection Prevention and Control free essay sample Understand roles and responsibilities in the prevention and control of infections 1. explain employees’ roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection 2. explain employers’ responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control infection. Outcome 2 Understand legislation and policies relating to prevention and control of infections 1. outline current legislation and regulatory body standards which are relevant to the prevention and control of infection . describe local and organisational policies relevant to the prevention and control of infection. Outcome 3 Understand systems and procedures relating to the prevention and control of infections 1. describe procedures and systems relevant to the prevention and control of infection 2. explain the potential impact of an outbreak of infection on the individual and the organisation. Outcome 4 Understand the importance of risk assessment in relation to the prevention and control of infections 1. define the term risk 2. utline potential risks of infection within the workplace 3. describe the process of carrying out a risk assessment 4. We will write a custom essay sample on The Principles of Infection Prevention and Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page explain the importance of carrying out a risk assessment. Outcome 5 Understand the importance of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the prevention and control of infections 2. describe different types of PPE 3. explain the reasons for use of PPE 4. state current relevant regulations and legislation relating to PPE 5. describe employees’ responsibilities regarding the use of PPE 6. describe employers’ responsibilities regarding the use of PPE

Did duhem show that scientific theories can be ne

Did duhem show that scientific theories can be ne The question as to whether scientific theories can be shown to be true or false is a complex one. The answer depends on one's interpretation of the meaning of theory. To what does it refer? Is its role to reveal the nature of reality, or is it merely a human construct? In which case what do we mean by truth? Is it an accurate description of reality, or does it simply refer to a successful theory that produces accurate predictions? Duhem attacks this problem from a very strict non-metaphysical standpoint. As a result he shows that we can know nothing about material reality, and indeed very little about the validity of our own theories. In the end it appears that the theoretical framework within which scientists work is more a matter of convention than anything else.In order to determine whether the claim that scientific theory cannot be proven true or otherwise we must first understand what Duhem means by scientific theory.English: Boris Chirikov (1928–2008) was an outst...He i ntroduces two possibilities as to the nature of a physical (which we can equate to 'scientific') theory. The first being that it is an explanation of the reality lying behind a group of experimental laws (those that are empirically determined). The second is that a physical theory is simply an abstract system to classify and summarize a group of laws.Taking the first possibility (a belief still held by many today): this seeks to look beneath the sensible appearances and find the reality beneath, which is causing the sensations we experience. However, this presents us with a problem. We only have access to perceptions so how can we hope to find a physical theory that provides a certain explanation of the reality causing these sensations? A theory can only suggest a reality that would produce all those...

Majority Language - Definition and Examples

Majority Language s A majority language is the language thats usually spoken by a majority of the population in a country or in a region of a country. In a multilingual society, the majority language is generally considered the high-status language. It is also called the dominant language or killer language, in contrast with minority language. As Dr. Lenore Grenoble points out in the Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World (2009), The respective terms majority and minority for Languages A and B are not always accurate; speakers of Language B may be numerically greater but in a disadvantaged social or economic position which makes the use of the language of wider communication attractive. Examples and Observations [P]ublic institutions in the most powerful Western nations, the U.K., the United States, France, and Germany, have been monolingual for over a century or more with no significant movement toward challenging the hegemonic position of the majority language. Immigrants have not generally challenged the hegemony of these nations and have usually assimilated rapidly, and none of these countries has faced the linguistic challenges of Belgium, Spain, Canada, or Switzerland. (S. Romaine, Language Policy in Multinational Educational Contexts. Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics, ed. by Jacob L. Mey. Elsevier, 2009) From Cornish (Minority Language) to English (Majority Language) Cornish was formerly spoken by thousands of people in Cornwall [England], but the community of Cornish speakers did not succeed in maintaining its language under the pressure of English, the prestigious majority language and national language. To put it differently: the Cornish community shifted from Cornish to English (cf. Pool, 1982). Such a process seems to be going on in many bilingual communities. More and more speakers use the majority language in domains where they formerly spoke the minority tongue. They adopt the majority language as their regular vehicle of communication, often mainly because they expect that speaking the language gives better chances for upward mobility and economic success. (Renà © Appel and Pieter Muysken, Language Contact and Bilingualism. Edward Arnold, 1987) Code-Switching: The We-Code and the They-Code The tendency is for the ethnically specific, minority language to be regarded as the we code and become associated with in-group and informal activities, and for the majority language to serve as the they code associated with more formal, stiffer and less personal out-group relations. (John Gumperz, Discourse Strategies. Cambridge University Press, 1982) Colin Baker on Elective and Circumstantial Bilingualism Elective bilingualism is a characteristic of individuals who choose to learn a language, for example in the classroom (Valdà ©s, 2003). Elective bilinguals typically come from majority language groups (e.g. English-speaking North Americans who learn French or Arabic). They add a second language without losing their first language. Circumstantial bilinguals learn another language to function effectively because of their circumstances (e.g. as immigrants). Their first language is insufficient to meet their educational, political and employment requirements, and the communicative needs of the society in which they are placed. Circumstantial bilinguals are groups of individuals who must become bilingual to operate in the majority language society that surrounds them. Consequently, their first language is in danger of being replaced by the second language- subtractive context. The difference between elective and circumstantial bilingualism is important because it immediately locates diff erences of prestige and status, politics and power among bilinguals. (Colin Baker, Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 5th ed. Multilingual Matters, 2011) [U]ntil recently, bilinguals have often been wrongly portrayed negatively (e.g. as having a split identity, or cognitive deficits). Part of this is political (e.g. prejudice against immigrants; majority language groups asserting their greater power, status and economic ascendancy; those in power wanting social and political cohesion around monolingualism and monoculturism).However, the portrayal of bilinguals varies internationally. In some countries (e.g. India, parts of Africa and Asia), it is normal and expected to be multilingual (e.g. in a national language, an international language and one or more local languages). In other countries, bilinguals are typically immigrants and seen as causing economic, social and cultural challenges to the dominant majority. . . . With both immigrant and indigenous minorities, the term minority is decreasingly defined in terms of smaller numbers in the population and increasingly as a language of low prestige and low in power relative to the majo rity language. (Colin Baker, Bilingualism and Multilingualism. The Linguistics Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., edited by Kirsten Malmkjaer. Routledge, 2004)

Alternating Current and Direct Current Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alternating Current and Direct Current - Essay Example The paper shed light upon several advantages and disadvantages of both DC and AC, how AC is converted into DC has also been discussed in this paper. It is important to note that DC is easier to analyze and has a plethora of other advantages but DC’s inability to convert different voltages is a big con because of which AC is used more widely then DC. However, the modern day electricity devices require DC so they come with automatic converters that instantly convert AC into DC. For transferring current over a long-distance DC is used because it is cost-effective but otherwise AC is used, another difference is that people in North America use AC and people in European counties use DC. These were some of the advantages, disadvantages and the most important differences between alternative current and direct current. Alternative current won over direct current in the 20th century when it was chosen over DC because people considered it more reliable, it had very few risks and this is why it was chosen as the standard current in North America, DC on the other hand had several major issues which were later sorted out and fixed. After fixing the major issues with DC several European countries chose it as their standard current, these days DC is being used in some of the elite European countries. It is necessary to have a circuit in order to distribute electricity. A circuit is usually made up of two wires which lead up to a device which uses electricity. In the case of alternating current, one of the two wires is positive and the other is either neutral which is also known as ground or negative, the two wires take their turns which enables sending electricity. In direct current the process works a little differently, the polarity in DC is always the same unlike in the case of AC where in polarity differs, in a DC circuit one wire is negative which means the other is sending electricity and is positive, the negative wire does not send electricity in a DC circuit. T here is no cyclic change and hence no hum in a DC, it is a fact that DC scores over AC in long-distances. In high-voltage transmission also DC is preferred because in AC a lot of electricity is lost, in DC less wastage takes place and this is why it scores over AC. AC scores over DC when it comes to converting DC into AC, it takes a lot of money to do that and it is not advisable to do so. DC should ideally be used only for long-distance transmission and AC in all other circumstances. Heating elements and light bulbs hardly care if the electricity supplied to them is DC or AC but it is very important to note that most modern day electrical gadgets require DC to work effectively. These days a transformer is used which consistently converts AC into DC for the devices to work effectively. In countries like Canada and the United States AC outlets have a voltage of 115 V and this is at 60 Hz. In European countries this is much different; most countries use 220 to 240 V which is about 50 Hz. It is also important to understand how peak voltage works, 115 V AC power usually has a peak voltage which is in the region of 163 V. Home and office electrical outlets are delivered electricity when the terminal has one hot and one neutral terminal. AC voltage is preferred by several people because a transformer is used to convert it into DC and it is very easy and a reliable source of getting direct current. A transformer consists of two inductors, the loops and turns present in these inductors are very different from each other. The number of turns usually determines the ratio of primary to secondary voltage. Electric generators have been made to produce alternating current, they can also produce DC but this can only be done by using a rectifier. A rectifier is made up of diodes which are also the most important part of a rectifier; the main use of a diode is that it allows the current to flow only in a single direction. DC power can also be converted into AC power; this can be done by using an inverter. Heating and arcing are two problems which are involved in producing AC and DC, alternating current can be generated at a much higher voltage than DC and the best part is that there will be fewer problems like heating and arcing. It is

Drama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Drama - Essay Example Amanda decides marriage is the only answer for Laura and forces Tom to find a beau for his sister. Unfortunately, the one he finds, while perfectly acceptable to both Laura and Amanda, is already engaged. This leaves Laura with a broken heart, symbolized by the broken unicorn Laura encourages him to keep as a souvenir. The play is a tragedy because Amanda, having had the opportunity to learn from her past, continues to live in a dream-world of her own creation, effectively crushing her children’s chances to create their own dreams. Amanda reveals her dreams in her expectations for her children. She continues to hold out hopes for a good marriage for her daughter in spite of her extreme shyness and poverty. This starts with her own recitation of the quality of her suitors, â€Å"My callers were gentlemen – all! Among my callers were some of the most prominent young planters of the Mississippi Delta – planters and sons of planters† (I, 148). Her expectations for her son are that he become like one of these old suitors in spite of his own youth and lack of education or social advancement. These expectations reveal that â€Å"Amanda lives in the past and imposes unrealistic rules of conduct upon her children† (Popkin, 1960, p. 46). Immediately upon Tom telling her that he has a friend coming over for dinner, Amanda already considers him her daughter’s future husband. Tom tries to reign her in by stating â€Å"Lots of fellows meet girls whom they don’t marry† (V, 184 ), but Amanda just tells him to â€Å"talk sensibly.† This emphasizes Amanda’s tendency to crush the realities of their situation and the ideas of her children beneath her own dreams and memories. Richard Vowles (1958) describes the play’s dreamlike qualities as another element intended to point out this oppression: â€Å"One scene dissolves into another. There is, indeed, almost a submarine quality about the play, the kind of poetic slow motion that

The independent variable Essay Example for Free

The independent variable Essay Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or in behavioral potentiality that results from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005, pg 8) Learning can occur from experience, classical conditioning or operant conditioning. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Aristotle theorized through his laws of association that information can be recalled through contiguity, similarity or contrast. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Using the frontal lobes of our brain the information can be manipulated to form ideas or thoughts both directly or abstractly from the knowledge that is stored in longterm memory. Learning is studied by the potential change or observable change in behavior. Studying the change in behavior provides researchers with an observable, measureable subject matter that is necessary in behavioral science. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The behavior is studied by identifying the variables. The relationship between the stimuli and the responses is the theoretical process called the intervening variable. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The dependent variable is the behavior. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The independent variable is what causes the change in behavior. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The complexity of human thought behavior makes it difficult to study learning. Because of this most learning studies are performed on animals. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) One exception would be Ebbinghaus who studied the relationship between learning irrelevant information like nonsense syllables and relevant information like Byrons Don Juan. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Ebbinghaus studied himself and methodically recorded the amount of times it took to master nonsense syllables and syllables that were familiar to theorize the associative process in learning. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Psychologists like Skinner and Pavlov used animals to study the learning process. Pavlov studied learning in dogs through classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is where a conditioned response is used to cause a change in behavior. Pavlov documented a dogs unconditioned response to food which is an unconditioned stimulus. Dogs have a predisposition naturally to start salivating when food is introduced. This condition is innate and similar to  a persons reflex of pulling his or her hand away from a hot stove. Pavlov also showed that a condition stimulus like the sound of a bell alone will not cause a dog to salivate. Pavlov added a conditioned stimulus, the sound of a bell, to the unconditioned stimulus of introducing food. After repeating the conditioned stimulus several times the dogs learned that when the bell sounded that food was going to follow so the dogs would start salivating as soon as they heard the sound of the bell even if no food was presented. (Willingham, 2007)Skinner studied learning through operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is different than classical conditioning because a choice is involved. The dogs did not have a choice but to salivate to the sound of the bell, but in operant conditioning a person would make a choice such as not eat fish if it has made them sick on a prior experience. Skinner used a skinner box made of Plexiglas with a grid floor that can be electrified and a lever that can be pressed that will deliver food to the animal, usually a rat, inside the box. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The box was used to test escape conditioning or avoidance conditioning. Escape conditioning occurs when the animal inside the Skinner box is given a negative stimulus, an electoral shock from the floor of the box, and the animal has to perform a behavior such as climbing onto a small shelf to turn off the shock stimulus. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) Avoidance conditioning is a signal is activated just before the electric shock to get the animal to jump onto the shelf to avoid being shocked. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) In both of these scenarios the animal makes a choice as a result of the conditioned stimulus. Learning is the process in which knowledge is stored in memory. Aristotle first formulated the law of association to show a correlation between retrieval of nonfunctional knowledge. The law of similarity is the recalling of similar experiences or objects. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The law of similarity would be when a person learns something during training and later comes across a similar event or interaction. He or she would reinvent what was learned and apply it to the task or interaction based on his or her similar knowledge. (Fenwick, 2000). The law of contrast is recalling the opposite of something. (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) The law of contiguity is recalling something that was experienced at the same time as something else.  (Hergenhahn Olson, 2005) These laws of association give a basis of cognition. A person goes to a fine dining restaurant and orders a tray of signature cheese spreads for the fresh baked bread. When the waiter brings the spreads the person hears the waiter express the imported quality, sees the display of the variety of spreads and the texture, smells the aroma, and taste the spread to be all that the waiter described. A year later the same person sees the cheese spread on the menu and recalls the contiguity of memories being stored about the smell, taste, texture and quality of the cheese and uses the knowledge to make a decision if he or she wants to order it again or not. References Fenwick, T. (2000). Expanding Conceptions of Experiential Learning: A Review of the Five Contemporary Perspectives on Cognition. Retrieved from http://aeq.sagepub.com at Apollo Group Inc. Hergenhahn, B., Olson, M. (2005). An Introduction to Theories of Learning (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice HallWillingham, D. T. (2007). Cognition: The thinking animal (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn4 Bacon.

The American Dream: Success, Happiness, And Money :: American Dream Essays

I believe that the American Dream today is based on success, happiness, and money. The reason i think this is because the reason people go through all those years of schooling is to become succufal, in return for being successful you make money, and because of money you can get and do the things you want, which in return makes you happy. Happiness is not all money, it also has to do with love. Lets first start off talking aboutnthe success, and money part. American children start school at the tender age of four. In pre school you are taught to get along with other kids, and to share, and color in the lines. In Kindergarten You first get an intro. to reading and write-in, and in some schools a little simple addition, and subtreacing. Then from there you move on to grade school, first grade through fifth grade. These years you are taught lot of math, reading, writing, and also penmanship in script. You also get a taste of history. When you get to middle school you learn more in depth about everything you learned in earlier years. Finally in High School, everything you have learned is intensified, and you get prepared for collage, and learn more of everything. Then you have to make a decision, If you want to be Successful and make Lot of MONEY you have to go to collage, for a nether four years, at the end of that ordeal you can settle in with Bachelors degree, or a nether one or two for a masters. This will bring a decent income. But if you want the really good jobs you need nether three or four years to get a doctorate degree, or a law degree. What I have just described is what a modern American kid has to go through to be considered suscefull and to have money, I mean we are talking about 22 tears of different types of school. this almost thirty percent of your life spent in school so the rest of your years can be good ones. Lastly I will discuss happiness. Many people think haplessness revolves around money, and many people don't. I personally think it does to a certain degree. I think you don't need to be rich or successful to be loved and have a nice family.

African Americans in the U.S. Essay

African Americans (American Blacks or Black Americans), racial group in the United States whose dominant ancestry is from sub-Saharan West Africa. Many African Americans also claim European, Native American, or Asian ancestors. A variety of names have been used for African Americans at various points in history. African Americans have been referred to as Negroes, colored, blacks, and Afro-Americans, as well as lesser-known terms, such as the 19th-century designation Anglo-African. The terms Negro and colored are now rarely used. African American, black, and to a lesser extent Afro-American, are used interchangeably today. Recent black immigrants from Africa and the islands of the Caribbean are sometimes classified as African Americans. However, these groups, especially first- and second-generation immigrants, often have cultural practices, histories, and languages that are distinct from those of African Americans born in the United States. For example, Caribbean natives may speak French, British English, or Spanish as their first language. Emigrants from Africa may speak a European language other than English or any of a number of African languages as their first language. Caribbean and African immigrants often have little knowledge or experience of the distinctive history of race relations in the United States. Thus, Caribbean and African immigrants may or may not choose to identify with the African American community. According to 2000 U. S. census, some 34. 7 million African Americans live in the United States, making up 12. 3 percent of the total population. 2000 census shows that 54. 8 percent African Americans lived in the South. In that year, 17. 6 percent of African Americans lived in the Northeast and 18. 7 percent in the Midwest, while only 8. 9 percent lived in the Western states. Almost 88 percent of African Americans lived in metropolitan areas in 2000. With over 2 million African American residents, New York City had the largest black urban population in the United States in 2000. Washington, D. C. , had the highest proportion of black residents of any U. S. city in 2000, with African Americans making up almost 60 percent of the population. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Atlantic Slave Trade, Atlantic Slave Trade, the forced transportation of at least 10 million enslaved Africans from their homelands in Africa to destinations in Europe and the Americas during the 15th through 19th centuries. European and North American slave traders transported most of these slaves to areas in tropical and subtropical America, where the vast majority worked as laborers on large agricultural plantations. See Slavery. Between 1440 and 1880 Europeans and North Americans exchanged merchandise for slaves along 5600 km (3500 miles) of Africa’s western and west central Atlantic coasts. These slaves were then transported to other locations around the Atlantic Ocean. The vast majority went to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish-speaking regions of South America and Central America. Smaller numbers were taken to Atlantic islands, continental Europe, and English-speaking areas of the North American mainland. Approximately 12 million slaves left Africa via the Atlantic trade, and more than 10 million arrived. The Atlantic slave trade involved the largest intercontinental migration of people in world history prior to the 20th century. This transfer of so many people, over such a long time, had enormous consequences for every continent bordering the Atlantic. It profoundly changed the racial, social, economic, and cultural makeup in many of the American nations that imported slaves. It also left a legacy of racism that many of those nations are still struggling to overcome. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. AAVE Distinctive patterns of language use among African Americans arose as creative responses to the hardships imposed on the African American community. Slave-owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke many different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English on their plantations. Moreover, many whites were unwilling to allow blacks to learn proper English. One response to these conditions was the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate with each other. Some of these pidgins eventually became fully developed Creole languages spoken by certain groups as a native language. Significant numbers of people still speak some of these Creole languages, notably Gullah on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called black English or Ebonics, is a dialect of English spoken by many African Americans that shares some features with Creole languages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

The Significance of Dance in Dancing at Lughnasa

The Significance Of The Use Dance: Focusing On Pages 20 – 23 Brian Freil uses a variety of dance techniques to convey the significance of dance as a projection of universal and primal desires to which everyone is submissive. Each outburst or description of dance involving the characters gives the audience an insight to not only their true personality but also the strain of their current situations. The significance of dance and its effect on the audience is echoed throughout the play through many different circumstances, the positioning of each routine is also very important as it connects with true meaning of the dance, therefore intensifying atmosphere on which it brings. Pages 20 to 23 highlight this greatly as we see all of the sisters dance in unity. Page 20 sees Maggie’s monologue, here the audience become aware of how dance can be beautiful however misunderstood; â€Å"they were just so beautiful together†¦ they should have won† Explained as Maggie is describing the pure splendor of Brian and Bernie’s military two-step at a dance competition from when they were young. Although this directly does not link directly in the significance throughout the play it strengthens the aspect of a spirited connection between two people through the means of dance. This point is also enhanced with the connection between Chris and Gerry as the audience only become apparent of the sentimental emotions these characters share when she submissively begins to ballroom dance with him, at which point and further in the play all characters especially Chris soften to Gerry giving implication of the true and raw feeling they have for each other represented through their dances. This spiritual characteristic which dance beholds amongst the characters also has connotation of a form of communication that predates conversation and emotion, seeping through all cultures. This is a strong feature to Dancing At Lughnasa as the storyline is based around Freil’s use of juxtaposition of native tribal dancing and localized northern Irish dancing with the use of Father Jack. The use of Father jack; â€Å"losing his mind† on returning from Africa and resorting to African rituals and beliefs bridges strong Irish traditions to the frowned upon peaganism of the Irish mid 1930s. Depending on interpretation you could argue that Freil suggests this bridging of cultures throughout the play to enhance the technique of juxtaposition. An example being in the ironic connection between Jack’s description of an African ceremony shortly followed by the unofficial wedding of Chris and Gerry described also, as a ceremony of an elegant and precise ballroom dance. Also on page 21; â€Å"patterns her face with an instant mask† The stage direction describing Maggie’s fanatical dance and how she stripes her cheeks with flour. This gives suggestion of connotation, which could be implying the link between typical tribal face paint used for rituals and dances in native Africa and Maggie’s flour â€Å"mask†. In addition this too gives implication of Maggie being ‘out of character’ and acting peaganistic, again, strengthening the thought of dance being a universal and primal desire bridging cultures due to subconscious human nature. The radical and fanatical dancing of the sisters on page 21 is also important in understanding how Freil communicates the characters personalities and thoughts to the audience in the stage directions of each dance. Freil uses the ‘Marconi‘ as a dramatic device to plunge the scene into dance with the slow introduction of sound; â€Å" until the sound has established itself† this could show how the beat and rhythm of the music is actually the subconscious of the characters. However, another interpretation could be that the slow introduction is the metaphorical gradual dispatch from reality into a fantasy of dance coated by repressed desire and latent passion. This would explain how Maggie’s â€Å"features become animated by a look of defiance† as it is a result of the realization of her repression which has grew from since she was young that manifests itself with defiance. It would too explain how as each character becomes submissive to the rhythm, the beat becomes more frantic and uncomfortably loud because each of the sisters is now projecting suppressed emotions with a feeling of force and urgency. This shows how the stage directions also give implication to the character’s psychological state. Other characters such as Rose, who follows Maggie’s chants and calls and is the second to â€Å"leap† into dance, this could be an indication of Rose’s suggestive character and how she yielding to those offering attention such as Danny Bradley, her supposed lover. Rose is then followed by Agnes who is described to dance the most â€Å"gracefully and sensuously† out of the sisters which could represent her soft, and delicate personality highlighted through her caring actions towards Rose, and the household keeping earlier in the play. However the most significant character’s performance in this dance is Kate, the audience have been subjected to her objection to the festival at Lughnasa and peaganistic dance traditions yet as the final sister to join we see Kate preform a complex dance; â€Å"alone, totally concentrated, totally private† and although the other sisters are chanting and screaming together, Kate is in silence. This outburst is one of the most fundamental moments in the play as a whole, as the audience are taken back by Kate’s obscure and out of character reaction to the rhythm. Being the last to plunge into dance and the first to stop shows how Kate is conceited and is against the force which dance holds, however her ominous actions are clearly full of true of emotion which represents her true personality one of passion and complete feeling. The intensity and isolated feel of her performance is a representation of the distance between her and her sisters caused by the strain of keeping the family together, which is ironically, obviously falling apart. At the end of the stage directions on page 22, the audience are aware of the significance of Freil’s use of dance. The brutality and grotesque atmosphere of the dance is the projection of the unstable state the family is in, as each sister is under independent and personal strains. Which appeals to the audiences’ emotional and psycho-analytic understanding therefore creating two layers within Friel’s production. By using this form of communication frequently throughout the play the audience can therefore connect with the characters and relate to their created personalities to prehaps, feelings of their own. Dance, in the production of Dancing at Lughnasa is consequently not only a connective device between the audience and the characters as it is a projection of primal desires, but also a representation of repressed feeling and emotion of which the characters cannot express verbally.

Free Essays on Jean Luc Godard

JEAN-LUC GODARD Jean-Luc Godard was born in Paris on December 3, 1930. Godard’s father was a physician and his mother was related to a family of bankers (World Film Directors, 392). Godard attended school in Nyon, Switzerland. Godard became a naturalized citizen of Switzerland during World War II (WFD, 392). In the late 1940’s Godard returned to Paris to study at the Lycee Buffon and at Sorbonne. He later received a certificate in ethnology (WFD, 392). While studying in Paris Godard became very interested in cinema, he hung out at local cinema places, such as Cinematheque Francaise(British Film Institute). This is where he met some of the future up and coming New Wave directors like himself. Among these future directors were Bazin, Truffaut, and Rohmer (WFD, 392). Many of these guys were critics of the cinema at this time and that is what Godard began to do also. Rohmer, Rivette and Godard started the Gazette du Cinema around 1950. In 1951 Godard’s family cut off their financial support after funding a couple of his unsuccessful projects (Foreign Films, 1). Godard was forced to stealing food in order to survive (Godard Experience, 1). From 1952 to 1954 Godard wrote Cahiers du Cinema under the name Hans Lucas (WFD, 392). In 1954 his mother passed away and he got a job as a laborer on the Grand Dixence Dam. He did his first film shortly after, which was Operation Beton, which was a documentary of the building of the dam (Foreign films). The company that built the dam went on to buy the film, which marks Godard first real success as a filmmaker. Godard went on to direct numerous movies. His most famous is probably Breathless. In this film Godard set out to break all of the molds that had previously been made for films. This is probably the beginning of the French New-Wave. Godard set out to show that anything goes. Godard did not want to use the cinema as a substitute for the real world like many other dire... Free Essays on Jean Luc Godard Free Essays on Jean Luc Godard JEAN-LUC GODARD Jean-Luc Godard was born in Paris on December 3, 1930. Godard’s father was a physician and his mother was related to a family of bankers (World Film Directors, 392). Godard attended school in Nyon, Switzerland. Godard became a naturalized citizen of Switzerland during World War II (WFD, 392). In the late 1940’s Godard returned to Paris to study at the Lycee Buffon and at Sorbonne. He later received a certificate in ethnology (WFD, 392). While studying in Paris Godard became very interested in cinema, he hung out at local cinema places, such as Cinematheque Francaise(British Film Institute). This is where he met some of the future up and coming New Wave directors like himself. Among these future directors were Bazin, Truffaut, and Rohmer (WFD, 392). Many of these guys were critics of the cinema at this time and that is what Godard began to do also. Rohmer, Rivette and Godard started the Gazette du Cinema around 1950. In 1951 Godard’s family cut off their financial support after funding a couple of his unsuccessful projects (Foreign Films, 1). Godard was forced to stealing food in order to survive (Godard Experience, 1). From 1952 to 1954 Godard wrote Cahiers du Cinema under the name Hans Lucas (WFD, 392). In 1954 his mother passed away and he got a job as a laborer on the Grand Dixence Dam. He did his first film shortly after, which was Operation Beton, which was a documentary of the building of the dam (Foreign films). The company that built the dam went on to buy the film, which marks Godard first real success as a filmmaker. Godard went on to direct numerous movies. His most famous is probably Breathless. In this film Godard set out to break all of the molds that had previously been made for films. This is probably the beginning of the French New-Wave. Godard set out to show that anything goes. Godard did not want to use the cinema as a substitute for the real world like many other dire...

This is so gay!

This is so gay! This is so gay! This is so gay! By Maeve Maddox I recently received a comment on one of my posts that said, This is gay. As the comment made no sense in the context, I was puzzled. For those fogies like me who hadnt realized that the word gay has morphed again, heres a timeline of its changing meanings as illustrated in the OED. gay: adj. c1325 Noble; beautiful; excellent, fine. Example: Heo is†¦ graciouse, stout, ant gay, gentil, iolyf so à ¾e iay Translation: She is precious by day, gracious, splendid and excellent, gentle, jolly as a bird. (stout, meant stately, magnificent, splendid; iay refers to the European jay) c1380 Bright or lively-looking, esp. in colour; brilliant, showy. Example: Oppon à ¾e tour..à ¾ar stondeà ¾ a iuwel gay, An egle of gold à ¾at schynaà ¾ brigt so doà ¾ à ¾e sonne on may. Translation: Upon the towerthere stands a brilliant jewel, An eagle of gold that shines as does the sun in May. c1385 Of persons, their attributes, actions, etc.: light-hearted, carefree; manifesting, characterized by, or disposed to joy and mirth; exuberantly cheerful, merry; sportive. Example: A lay Of love..made hire herte fressh and gay. Translation: A story about lovemade her heart fresh and merry. 1597 Originally of persons and later also more widely: dedicated to social pleasures; dissolute, promiscuous; frivolous, hedonistic. Also (esp. in to go gay): uninhibited; wild, crazy; flamboyant. Example: Sum gay professors (kepinge secret minions) do love there wyues..to avoyde shame Translation: Some homosexual professors (keeping secret catamites) do love their wivesto avoid shame. 1922-2003  orig. U.S. slang. (a) Of a person: homosexual; (b) (of a place, milieu, way of life, etc.) of or relating to homosexuals. Examples: 1941 Gay, an adjective used almost exclusively by homosexuals to denote homosexuality†¦2003 Episcopalians took a big step toward electing their first openly gay bishop. 1978 slang (chiefly U.S.) (sometimes considered offensive). Foolish, stupid, socially inappropriate or disapproved of; ‘lame’. Examples: 1978 ‘It looks terrific on you.’ ‘It looks gay.’ 1987 Your so-stupid-theyre-funny captions are gay. Get into some [real] humor. These six definitions with their examples only scratch the surface of all the meanings that have been attached to the word gay since it entered the language from Anglo-Norman gai/gaye, and provide an excellent case study of the arbitrariness of language. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails5 Lessons for Mixing Past and Present TenseJanuary 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

Properties of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Properties of Life - Essay Example All organisms and plants are made up of millions of cells. The basic structure of a cell is the same in all organisms. It is the smallest unit of life. It comprises of a nucleus and a membrane surrounding the nucleus. Homeostasis is a mechanism that is present in living organisms. It is the course by which plants and animals maintain their internal environment as the external environment changes. In humans, the production of Insulin and Glucagon hormones is a mechanism that looks to ensure that the sugar levels in the organism are under control. Metabolism refers to the chemical reaction within the body that handles the maintenance of energy. Different animal’s burn, fats and carbohydrates to produce energy for their activities. The metabolic rate of an organism is dependent on the activities that the animal performs. Responsiveness refers to the ability of organisms to react to the external changes. For example, during the cold, birds fluff their feathers. The feathers trap a ir in between them and the layer of air acts as an insulator from the cold. Different animals and plants have means by which they respond to the external environment. By doing this, the plants and animals can protect themselves from harsh conditions. Reproduction is the epitome of life. For this reason, once, mature, animals reproduce and give birth to offsprings that continue their line. Reproduction is one of the most important qualities as no animals can sustain their life forever. When living things, die, they do not fade away into oblivion.

Research critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research critique - Essay Example The aim of the study is to establish the connection of changing electrodes on the functioning of cardiac monitors. The study intends to check the effect of daily electrode change on the number of technical monitor alarms. The study has an aim of identifying and implementing best practice for electrode change and to observe their daily change on technical monitor alarms. Review of literature The article has an organized literature as the topic does reflect the subject matter of the journal. The journal has a brief abstract which specifies about the nature of the study of the journal. The introduction part is concise and defined the nature of the subject and the aim of the study conducted. The body of the literature is informative and has headings and sub heading in a correct order. Even the conclusion is informative and compact. The rationale of the study looks much worthy as it is all about understand the technical functioning of cardiac monitors. This study has high significance in medical field and has an intention on improving the quality of service provided by hospitals to its patients. The direction of the study was practical and safe to the participants of the study. Conceptual framework and Map The conceptual frame work of the article is evident based practice approach regarding electrode change in cardiac monitor alarms. The concept of the study is centered on the effect of electrode change on the functionality of cardiac monitor alarms. The theoretical study and the research question are identical with the conceptual framework. Here the theory is concentrating on the relationship between electrode change and decrease in cardiac monitor alarms efficiency. The research question is about electrode change and cardiac alarm efficiency and the theory directly links with it. There no maps or models logically presented except for some tables with calculations. Research Question /Hypothesis The research question is addressed correctly and appropriately in the j ournal. The research question is rightly indicating the purpose of the study and what the study specifically wants to achieve the research question gives the readers all the information regarding the nature of the journal. There is no confusion or misleading in the research question and it highly simple and clear. The question is precise and does not involve unwanted message or implications. The research question is an important part of any research article and should be short and precise which is seen in this journal. In case of the logical relation to the aim of the theory, it could be said that it is rightly connected. The research purpose is to understand the role of electrode change on the efficiency of cardiac monitor alarms and this clearly reflects in the research question. Variables The concepts identified within the theory are alarm functioning, cardiac monitors, ECG process, electrodes, quality improvement and noise. The variables identified in the study are dependent and independent variables. Here the independent variable is the electrode and cardiac monitor while the dependent variable is alarm noise. The variables are not extensively defined in the article as sometimes things are vague. Research Design The research design is not apt and should have been a more close examination of the functionality of electrodes on cardiac monitor

Mexican culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mexican culture - Essay Example Scholars mention that â€Å"gender roles of men and women are reflected in spatial distinctions of la calle (the street) and la casa (the home)† (Knapp, Muller and Quiros, 2009). This differentiation reflects on Mexican people since their childhood. Boys are in need to leave home for the sake of earning money and maintaining a family in future (Vlassoff, 2007). As for the girls they are responsible to stay at home and to take care about its comfort and coziness (Vlassoff, 2007). Such tradition has been strictly laid into the minds of Mexican people. Concerning the present day situation and modern social norms it should be admitted that male and female roles undergo changes. With the tendency of globalization and increase of migration gender roles transform (Knapp, Muller and Quiros, 2009). Women started to get more freedom and ability to make an independent choice in accordance to their life values and personal desires (Mount-Cors, 2014). Such process in considered to be natural and logical for the system of modern society. It is worse to mention that American culture provide a significant influence to this process (Knapp, Muller and Quiros,

Ethical And Legal Analysis Of Mckinnon Case

Ethical And Legal Analysis Of Mckinnon Case This assignment I based upon an article published online on the 15th of May 2009 by popular computing Magazine PC Pro (see appendix A). The article discussed Gary McKinnon who has been accused of hacking a number of United States (US) NASA, Army, Navy, Department of Defence, and Air Force systems. His US prosecutors insist he was acting with malicious intent and that he caused damage worth over $700,000. McKinnon denies acting with malicious intent or that he caused that much damage, citing that his motivation was to search for evidence of secret free fuel, anti-gravity and UFO technologies. McKinnon has stated that the network security was weak and he was able to gain access due to network administrators failing to use secure passwords on high level administrative accounts. Once inside, McKinnon used readily available software called RemotelyAnywhere to take control of machines. The case study identifies that his search became an addiction which took over his life. Rationale The Gary McKinnon case sprung to the headlines in 2001, the media frenzy surrounding the case would support the tagline of the biggest military hack of all time. The case has been open for over nine years now and the end is not yet in sight; indicating that the legal issues within the case are both complex and in no way, easy to dissever. The extensive and drawn-out media coverage adds to the complexity of the issues surrounding the case. This case study has been chosen firstly as it covers a very current issue in hacking. It would seem that hacking cases would only increase in the future as more nations cross the digital divide. Electronic crime is difficult to police and further difficulties arise out of international crimes. The nature of electronic communication and the removal of physical boundaries provide complexities in electronic crime and the control of borderless technologies. This case study has been chosen as it is particularly exposed to ethical questioning as law does not adequately resolve this case. This case study has been chosen for ethical and legal analysis not just for its high profile. Numerous actors can be identified in this case to provide a solid base to apply a pragmatic analysis of ethical issues though the direction of ethical frameworks. Primary actors in this case are identified as the Gary McKinnon and the network administrators responsible for security. Secondary actors have been identified as the makers of RemotelyAnywhere, the software which allowed McKinnon to control machines so easily and the US military who were the owners of the networks and data stored there. Similarly, these actors provide a basis to identify legal issues inherent within the case study. There are sufficient suggestions to argue that laws have been broken by both primary actors in this case. Technology strides on through the digital age where the other side of the world is accessible at our fingertips and a mere four billion IP addresses are not fulfilling needs. For this reason, it cannot be helped but to feel that hacking cases will only increase in scale and/or frequency and perhaps the Gary McKinnon case will be surpassed in the future. At first glance this case appears to be a typical hacking case, where the person committing the offence is acting for purely personal reasons to commit fraud or otherwise take something which isnt theirs to take. However this case differs in that there is no reason to believe that McKinnon was acting with the intent to take anything which was not his or to gain any personal advantage from his actions. Actors objecting to McKinnons actions are those who were responsible for the security of the network and those who owned the network. Ethical Frameworks Modern day normative ethical frameworks are broadly divided into two. Deontology, based on moral intention and input, and conversely Teleology which is centred around the output and end result. Teleological Teleology is the philosophical stance that an action may be critiqued based upon its consequences. It is commonly thought of with the view that the end may justify the means (Edgar, 2002; Bynum and Rogerson, 2006; Weckert, 2007), therefore teleological frameworks are concerned with the end result of an action. Utilitarianism is a type of teleological theory, which emphasises that the end result is important rather than the intentions of an individual. Its main principle is specifically to seek to maximise happiness through consequences (Spinello, 1995). It therefore claims that an action may be judged based wholly upon its usefulness in bringing about happiness. Speaking on utilitarianism it was observed by Velasquez (1992) that the principle assumes all benefits and costs of an action can be measured on a common numerical scale of moral calculus (p.61). To what constitutes happiness and its worth would largely depend upon the individual critiquing the action. For example McKinnon may argue that his happiness in doing this for so long was far greater than the unhappiness caused for the US Government who has lots of money and resources, yet the utilitarian frame work aims to maximise the greatest happiness of all those whose interest is in question. (Lyons, 2003 p.27). So everyone affected must come into consideration, this includes: the network administrators, the US government, McKinnon and the makers of RemotelyAnywhere. It can be argued that McKinnon was attempting to maximise happiness by uncovering secret technologies. However a utilitarian framework is only concerned with the happiness actually brought about as a result from an action (Spinello, 1995) rather than intent. Whilst McKinnon is the primary actor and the main benefiter, in the article he is quoted as saying I think I wanted to be caught, because it was ruining me (Turton, 2009). This indicates that McKinnons happiness was short lived and as a result produced unhappiness from him quitting his job and splitting up with his girlfriend. The makers of the software RemotelyAnywhere subsequently had much publicity, however this is predominantly negative publicity as their software was used to commit crime. A small benefit may be that those wishing to commit crime, would buy their software more, even if this is not its intended purpose. A large amount of unhappiness would come from the owners of the network, the US government. The break-in has caused a large amount of embarrassment for the government, intensified by the claims that the security was weak. Even if the allegations that McKinnon deliberately caused damage are untrue, the cost of finding, tracking and fixing the break-in may be more co stly than the actual offense (Baase, 2003). This could be gauged both in terms of money and time. Utilitarian ethics assumed happiness can be somehow calculated. An action can be deemed correct if the total good minus the total bad is greater than that of an alternative (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2006). It is emphasised that the happiness is calculated based upon everyone who would be affected by the action. This is opposite to egoism, which is only concerned with the happiness of the individual undertaking the action (Johnson, 2001; Spinello, 1995). Based upon egoism, McKinnons actions are justified as he was acting purely for his own enjoyment with disregard for anyone else. However as he was caught, the sentence he will most likely receive may outweigh his current happiness. In weighing up the good verses the bad consequences of an action, the distinction must be made between act utilitarians and rule utilitarians. Baase (2003) gives the explanation that rule utilitarianism, applies the utility principle not to individual actions but to general ethical rules. (p.406). In evaluating this case study, it would be difficult to agree that computer hacking is always okay, as this is an invasion of privacy therefore creates much unhappiness. However an argument for applying this as a general rule may be given, as hacking large, private and ungoverned organisations such as the army navy or NASA would ultimately lead to them being more truthful and open about matters. Being honest and encouraging others to be truthful is something that a rule utilitarian would certainly agree with. This argument is of course independent of the allegations that McKinnon caused damage in his apparent search for secrets. The long term effects, in rule utillitarians perspective, coul d be that hacking prestigious governmental networks may cause panic amongst other network administrators or individuals which wish to have their data kept secure. It could likely lead those responsible in this case to lose their jobs. Knowing that data is not private and may be scrutinised can lead to individuals acting differently than they would otherwise; perhaps to the extent that inhibits them from doing their job as well as they otherwise would (Johnson, 2001). Allowing hacking to be justified in all cases may even lead to questioning if electronic data can be kept securely at all! Alternatively, had McKinnon uncovered evidence of UFO technology, the happiness generated would perhaps be greater than unhappiness, and may then be justifiable. Rule utilitarianism fails to foresee the inherent difficulties in predicting the consequences of every act of computer hacking, therefore it is difficult to apply from a practical point of view. Although it may be idealist to conclude that this is would only be suitable for a hindsight evaluation, a rule utilitarian would insist all other cases come into consideration. This is unrealistic and inherently flawed. Act utilitarianism is only concerned with the current action under scrutiny. In applying this to the current case study it was believed by McKinnon that the resulting happiness would far outweigh that of unhappiness. However Johnson (2001) highlights that in making decisions on current actions, the norm or general rules may only be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦abandoned in situations where it is clear more happiness will result from breaking them. (p.40). McKinnon acknowledges in the case that he gained little in evidence of UFO activity. It is presented that his motivation was to prove the US was withholding information on technologies including anti-gravity propulsion and free energy (Turton, 2009). However, McKinnon alluded to his friends that he had found little or no evidence. Bynum and Rogerson (2006) agree that in a utilitarian framework The risk and probabilities count alsoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p.72). As McKinnon says that there was little previous evidence of UFO technology then surely accordi ng to a rule utilitarian he should not have ignored the general rule as it was not clear that his actions would result in greater general happiness, consequently it did not. It is identified in the case that McKinnon was only able to access the network due to the action of network administrators in leaving accounts without passwords. The actions of the network administrators would seem unethical under a utilitarian framework when considering the alterative of setting a strong password, which would have had a more desirable effect. Whilst it was not known in this case study if setting passwords would have denied McKinnon unauthorised access, the risk of not setting passwords, as identified by Bynum and Rogerson (2006), would have been extremely high, and the probability that someone would eventually exploit this also high. Whilst it is likely that this error was made due to carelessness rather than a conscious decision, the assumption is made that this was an action that could have been avoided. However this negligence does not automatically justify unauthorised access, under the utilitarian framework the total happiness must be weighed against unhappines s. The happiness generated by this negligent behaviour would primarily be for network administrators who would have been able to log on to machines without having to type passwords. Happiness would have been given to potential hackers too who were more easily able to access the network. Even though allowing hackers in may not have been intended, a utilitarian framework is purely concerned with consequences (Baase, 2003; Bynum and Rogerson, 2006; Spafford, 2006; Sinnott-Armstrong, 2006). As all affected individuals are judged equal (Bynum and Rogerson, 2006) the happiness of terrorists or other hackers must count as a positive consequence: Regardless of a persons station in life, each person is counts the same when the benefits and harms are added up (Bynum and Rogerson, p.71). Alternatively the US government may argue that the unhappiness was far greater from McKinnons actions due to the number of people that would have been affected by shutting down a network of computers. To take this stance the long term view must be disregard, that McKinnons action highlighted a serious security flaw that could have been exploited by a far more astute hacker. To delve even deeper into the realm of possibilities, by McKinnon hacking and getting caught on this occasion, he could have removed any chance of someone being able to hack US government computers ever again, perhaps at a time when hacking US computers would allow millions of lives to be saved. A common criticism of the utilitarian framework is the assumption that huge unhappiness could be justified upon one person for the sake of ten others. This argument could be countered by forcing the acknowledgement of long term consequences as well as the short term consequences (Johnson, 2001). For example, the case study (appendix A) must try and foresee the long term effects of the action. The majority of these long term effects are known as the act was committed back in 2001. Nether the less the unknown unknowns severely limit the reasoning behind making a decision on utilitarian principles. Even if it is believed all the alternatives, consequences and all individuals which will be affected by the consequences have been identified, how can these be verified? A posteriori knowledge may be useful in identifying these, that is, a decision that has been arrived at after the event or perhaps by applying what has happened before. A large issue arising from utilitarianism is that withou t the benefit of hindsight, it is difficult to apply practical reasoning to identify the outcome of an action. Deontological Deontology was first coined by C. D. Broad when he used it in a term to contrast that of Teleological theories based on outcome. However, a deontological approach could be best personified by the earlier work of Immanuel Kant (1785) in saying The moral worth of an action does not lie in the effect expected from it (p.13). Deontologists argue the morality of an argument is based entirely on intentions of ones actions. Immanuel Kant is often presented as the prime example of a deontologist (Baase, 2003). Kantian ethics argues that it is not the consequence that makes an action right or wrong; it is the intentions of the individual carrying out the action. Kant (1785) argues that It is not necessary that whilst I live I live happily; but it is necessary that so long as I live I should live honourably. (p.13). This statement suggests that upon making an honourable decision, this will be the correct thing to do and therefore Kant must assume that this will likely have good consequences. Deciding upon what is honourable and therefore what would be the right thing to do, is largely dictated by law. However other influences may come from upbringing, social characteristics or religious beliefs; for example, McKinnon may have been influenced by his own background in belief of UFOs. It would appear that McKinnons belief in UFOs influenced his actions. McKinnon hacked military machines in an effort to discover secret UFO technology, which would appear to be in conflict with a deontological framework as he is using the action as a mere means to an end. However, as Johnson (2001) points out, a deontological framework dictates that a decision is not used as just a means to an end; it may be justified if that end is moral. In applying this to the current case study we can define that the end result was to discover hidden UFO technologies; McKinnons means of doing this was through hacking. Even though McKinnon states he did not intend to cause harm, but merely look. This perhaps is justifiable if the end result was intended to give the world knowledge of these technologies. The stumbling block in this case is that McKinnon did not have authorisation to do this. Alternatively if the US Government had agreed that McKinnon may hack their computer system on the condition of not causing any damage and just to look, this would have been entir ely ethical on accordance to a deontological framework. It is difficulty to define McKinnons intent as he did not appear to find such evidence and secondly because he was caught. Kants specific class of deontology states I should never act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become universal law (p.14). This again is similar to that of a rule utilitarian, in that if an action cannot be justified on every occasion, if is unethical. In leaving admin accounts without passwords, the professionalism of network administrators may certainly be placed into question, yet it is difficult to identify a motive behind doing so. The key issue driving deontological ethics is the notion of motives. There does not appear to be a motive being this action just negligence. Johnson describes negligence as a failure to do something that a reasonable and prudent person would have done (Johnson, 2001 p.184). Johnsons definition quite adequately describes the system administrators who may have been responsible for leaving high level administrative accounts without adequate security. Therefore under a deontological framework, the actions of the network administrators was unethical. Apposition to Kantian ethics is largely twofold. Firstly, that Kants philosophy is grounded on a universal duty or maxim that can be accepted across the board, which begs the question of what should be adhered to if an action divides two moral maxims. In hacking military machines, McKinnon can only be acting upon his personal duty to find out the truth about UFO existence, but in doing so, ignored the duty to respect others personal property. This highlights the second major issue with Kants philosophy, which is, which maxim should take priority. The ethical principles outlined by Kant rely upon the basis of moral absolutism. This is contrasted by the views of W.D Ross. Ross defined seven initial or prima facie duties: Duty of beneficence: A duty to help other people (increase pleasure, improve character) Duty of non-maleficence: A duty to avoid harming other people. Duty of justice: A duty to ensure people get what they deserve. Duty of self-improvement: A duty to improve ourselves. Duty of reparation: A duty to recompense someone if you have acted wrongly towards them. Duty of gratitude: A duty to benefit people who have benefited us. Duty of promise-keeping: A duty to act according to explicit and implicit promises, including the implicit promise to tell the truth. (Johnson, 2001) Ross defines these as common duties (but in no way absolute) to be upheld regardless of the situation. For example the duty of promise-keeping may be ignored for the duty of beneficence. In light of Rosss variation of deontological ethics, McKinnons hacking of military machines may only be justified under the reason that he was acting upon his personal duty to find out the truth about UFO existence (the duty of beneficence). But in doing so, ignoring the duty to respect others personal property (the duty of non-maleficence). The predominant issue with applying a deontological framework is identifying the intent of an action, this is also somewhat marred by the fact that McKinnon has not yet been charged. McKinnons truthfulness may be contested because he is bias; he would likely say anything to get out of facing a possible extradition and prison sentence. There are suggestions brought forward from his prosecutors that insist McKinnon caused $700,000 worth of damage. The consequences of his action are disregarded under this framework (Kant, 1785), yet this may suggest that his intentions were not simply to find UFO technology. McKinnons actions would not be justifiable if his intentions were to cause damage. If it can be assumed that McKinnons actions were only to search for evidence then a deontological frame would dictate this is ethically justifiable. However, if Kants view is taken into consideration then is cannot be judged that hacking to search for secret technologies is universally justified. Virtue ethics Virtue ethics dates back to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle believed in excellence in human character though upholding virtues (Tavani, 2007; Bynum and Rogerson, 2006). Virtues promote positive character although the list may be very long, such virtues include: responsibility, reliability, self-discipline, modesty, courage and integrity (Bynum and Rogerson, 2006; Johnson, 2001). Whereas utilitarian and deontological frameworks are centred on rules to apply, virtue ethics is about building moral character. In this case study McKinnon displays dishonesty by hacking the network without permission. As virtue ethics ignores the special roles of consequences, duties and social contracts (Tavani, 2007 p.65) therefore McKinnon and the US government must be seen as equals. This exposes McKinnon for acting without due consideration of his actions, and perhaps even foolhardiness to continue breaking in without authorization. Perhaps McKinnon could be seen as courageous for hacking such a powerful establishment, yet acknowledging the roles of the two actors (ibid) removes any hierarchy between the two. The case study beings to light accusations that McKinnon left threatening messages on desktops such as: I am SOLO. I will continue to disrupt at the highest levels. Threatening behaviour is not considered virtuous in Aristolean ideas. Presumably when McKinnon downloaded RemotelyAnywhere, there would have been an end user licence that he would have to agree to before he could use the software. This agreement dictates that the software be used for its intended purpose. McKinnon has showed dishonesty by disobeying this and using the software for hacking. Respect and quality is a key thought in virtue ethics (Bynum and Rogerson, 2006). The network administrators in this case study would not have acted responsibly or with integrity as it is alleged that they failed to take basic measures to ensure the network stayed secure. The US military who owns the network and data held on it, although not directly responsible, would not display reliability as they have been hacked at a time when they should have been on high alert. Rights-based Johnson (2001) described that in a rights-based framework the categorical imperative requires that each person be treated as an end in himself or herselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p.47). This statement exemplifies the common parallels between deontological and rights-based ethics. Rights are heavily intertwined with law. For example the Data Protection Act gives individuals the right to know what information is being kept on them. Yet regardless of law, some philosophers argued that all humans possess some natural inherent rights. These rights can be seen as universal or human rights such as the right to life; Spinello (1995) gives the example of how these rights are universal in saying everyone equally shares the right to free speech regardless of nationality or status in society (p.31). Natural or universal rights are derived from the nature of humanity (Baase, 2003). Under rights-based ethics, legal rights come second to natural rights. The values of rights based ethics are similar to the principle for nonmaleficence. Baase (2003) states that, under rights based ethics an act is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦likely to be ethical if they involve voluntary interactions and freely made exchanges, where parties are not coerced or deceived. (p.407). In the case study there is evidence which suggests that the exchange of data was not done voluntarily. Therefore the action of McKinnon cannot be justified on that principle. Natural or human rights are seen as inherent and must be respected; this implies that an individual has the right not to be interfered with (Johnson, 2001). Therefore the right to privacy is not diminished by the poor security displayed within the case study. Although the network administrators did not set passwords, this does not automatically negate the right not to be interfered with. Similarly if someone forgets to lock their car this does not give someone else the right to take the car. Lax security would not matter if the right to privacy was upheld. The distinction between positive and negative rights must be given in applying a rights-based ethical framework to this case study. A negative right will free an actor from outside intervention, whereas a positive right would give the actor whatever is needed to fulfil an interest (Spinello, 1995). Negative rights are much more common than positive rights as it is difficult to draw the line as to where a positive right is limited. Johnson (2001) highlighted that whereas duty-based ethics is largely seen a deontological framework, it may be derived from a utilitarian principles on occasion. From a utilitarian perspective, in search of the greatest happiness, Mill argued that intellectual happiness was greater than sensual (Spinello, 1995). On the basis of this, it can be argued that McKinnon may have been over exerting his right to further educate himself, but intellectual happiness is greater in Mills brand of teleology, so his actions would be justified. Rights-based ethics derived from intent would argue that McKinnon has gone against the legal right prohibiting him from unauthorised access to the network and that he has also gone against the moral right to respect others privacy. From a rights-based ethical framework, moral rights take prescience over other duties or action people might have (Baase, 2003) therefore McKinnons actiosn cannot be justified. Legal Issues In applying ethical frameworks to any case study, personal morals are heavily intertwined. Law often overrides these morals. For example, ownership of what someone creates may be negated to that of the company which that person works for if that is in their terms of employment. Alternatively something which is viewed as ethically acceptable may also be against the law. At the very least, law influences moral judgement. There is much dispute over which country McKinnon should be tried. In analysing legal issues inherent within the case study it is firstly assumed that only UK laws apply to this case. It is apparent within the case study that Gary McKinnon did not have authorization to access the US networks. Immediately this is in violation of the Computer Misuse Act 1990, which states that an offence is committed if: (a) he causes a computer to perform any function with intent to secure access to any program or data held in any computer [or to enable any such access to be secured] ; (b) the access he intends to secure [or to enable to be secured,] is unauthorised; and (c) he knows at the time when he causes the computer to perform the function that that is the case. (Computer Misuse Act 1990, 1990) Clearly McKinnon was in breach of the Computer Misuse Act 1990. The case study acknowledges that McKinnon does not have authorisation and that he intended to access data regarding the existence of UFO technology. The maximum sentence for unauthorised access without intent to commit further offences is 5 years in prison. A more serious offence is committed when unauthorised access is gained à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with intent to impair, or with recklessness as to impairing, operation of computer, etc (Computer Misuse Act 1990, 1990) this holds a maximum imprisonment of 10 years. It is unknown and very difficult to determine what the intention of Gary McKinnon was; to date there is no evidence to suggest he intended to commit further crimes with the data he accessed. But claimed from his United States prosecutors indicate that he did intent to cause damage as he left a message on machines stating: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I am SOLO. I will continue to disrupt at the highest levels. (Turton, 2009). There are additional legal issues with regards to protecting data held on the network, and the professional requirements expected. It is indicated within the case that no personal information was accessed. This information is given by the US Military, which may be questioned as it would be to their advantage to deny that any personal information was accessed. The Data Protection Act (1998) dictates that the data controller must provide adequate security to protect personal information (Data Protection Act 1998, 1998). Failure to provide adequate security even though an accident is not an excuse as Cambridgeshire County Council most recently found out (du Preez, 2011). A member of staff lost a memory stick by accident; however the memory stick did not have encryption software installed as it should have when it contained sensitive data on it. Similarly the network administrators did not intend for McKinnon to access the network, yet they failed to provide security in the chance of this happening As McKinnon was able to access computer systems easily due to lax security, it is likely that the US and the network administrators would be in breach of this legislation.